What Are Uterine Fibroids?

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths in the muscle wall of the uterus (womb). They are very common in women of childbearing age. Some women have only one fibroid, while others can have several. Fibroids can be small or grow quite large. They do not usually become cancer.

Symptoms (Signs You Might Notice)

Many women who have fibroids do not feel any symptoms. Others may notice one or more of the following:

1.    Heavy or long periods
     •    Periods may have strong bleeding that lasts longer than usual.
     •    Passing big clots during periods can happen.

2.    Pain or pressure
     •    Feeling pain or a heavy pressure in the lower belly (pelvis).
     •    Lower back pain may also occur.

3.    Feeling full or bloated
     •    A sense of fullness in the lower abdomen even when not eating.

4.    Urinary changes
     •    Peeing often or feeling the need to pee more than normal.
     •    In some cases, it can be hard to empty the bladder completely.

5.    Pain during intercourse
     •    Some women feel pain or discomfort during intimate activity.

6.    Other possible signs
     •    Constipation (difficulty of bowel movement), bleeding between periods, or feeling tired due to loss of blood.

What Causes Fibroids?

Doctors do not know the exact cause of fibroids, but there are several factors that may play a role:

Hormones
The female hormones estrogen and progesterone help the lining of the uterus grow each month. These hormones also seem to help fibroids grow.

Genetic factors
Women who have a family history of fibroids (for example, a mother or sister who had them) are more likely to develop fibroids themselves.

Other growth factors and tissue components
Certain natural substances in the body that help tissues grow may encourage fibroid growth.
Fibroids also have more of a tissue network called the extracellular matrix, which may help them grow.

Unknown or environmental factors
Some research suggests that diet, body weight, and lifestyle may influence fibroid growth, but more study is needed.

How Are Fibroids Diagnosed?

Because many fibroids cause no symptoms, they are often found by chance during a routine pelvic exam.

Here are tests doctors use to confirm fibroids:

1.    Pelvic Exam
A doctor feels the size and shape of the uterus. Irregular or large areas can suggest fibroids.

2.    Ultrasound
This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the uterus. It shows where fibroids are and how big they are.

3.    Blood Tests
A complete blood count can check for anemia (low red blood cells) from heavy bleeding.

4.    Additional Imaging
•    MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): More detailed pictures of fibroids
•    Hysterosonography: Saline is put into the uterus to help show certain fibroids.
•    Hysteroscopy: A small camera looks inside the uterus
These tests are especially useful if a woman wants to become pregnant or if doctors need more detail.

When to See a Doctor

It's important to talk to a health care provider if you notice:
•    Very heavy or long periods
•    Severe pelvic pain or pressure
•    Feeling tired all the time
•    Changes in urination

These could be signs of fibroids or another condition that needs care. 

Summary

Uterine fibroids are common and non-cancerous growths in the uterus. Women may have no symptoms, or they may notice heavy periods, pain, pressure, or changes in urination. Doctors do not know exactly what causes fibroids, but hormones and genetics are important factors. A doctor may diagnose fibroids through a physical exam and imaging tests like an ultrasound.

Sources:
•    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9130-uterine-fibroids
•    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288
•    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p100.html